Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: създаване на семейство
- CZ: sloučení rodiny
- DE: Familienangehöriger
- EE: pere loomise eesmärgil riiki sisenemine (dažniausiai vartojamo išversto termino nėra)
- EN: family member
- ES: Miembro de la familia
- FI: perheenmuodostaminen
- FR: membre de la famille
- GA: foirmiú teaghlaigh
- GR: μέλος οικογένειας
- HU: családalapítás
- IT: componente familiare
- LT: šeimos narys
- LV: ģimenes apvienošana / ģimenes atkalapvienošana
- MT: Membru tal-familja
- NL: gezinslid
- NO: familiedannelse (b) / familiedanning (n)
- PL: założenie rodziny
- PT: membros da familia
- RO: membru de familie
- SE: familjebildning
- SK: založenie rodiny
- SL: ustanovitev družine
In the context of the Family Reunification Directive (Directive 2003/86(EC), a third-country national, as specified in Art. 4 of this Directive (normally members of the nuclear family – i.e. the spouse and the minor children), who has entered the territory of the European Union for the purpose of family reunification.
In the context of the Free Movement Directive (Directive 2004/38 EC):
(a) the spouse;
(b) the partner with whom the union citizen has contracted a registered partnership, on the basis of the legislation of a EU Member State, if the legislation of the host Member State treats registered partnerships as equivalent to marriage and in accordance with the conditions laid down in the relevant legislation of the host Member State;
(c) the direct descendants who are under the age of 21 or are dependants and those of the spouse or partner as defined in point (b);
(d) the dependent direct relatives in the ascending line and those of the spouse or partner as defined in point (b).
In the context of asylum , and in particular Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 (Dublin III Regulation), this means insofar as the family already existed in the country of origin, the following members of the applicant’s family who are present on the territory of the EU Member States:
a) the spouse of the applicant or their unmarried partner in a stable relationship, where the law or practice of the EU Member State concerned treats unmarried couples in a way comparable to married couples under its law relating to third-country nationals;
b) the minor children of couples referred to in the first indent or of the applicant, on condition that they are unmarried and regardless of whether they were born in or out of wedlock or adopted as defined under national law;
c) when the applicant is a minor and unmarried, the father, mother or another adult responsible for the applicant, whether by law or by the practice of the Member State where the adult is present;
d) when the beneficiary of international protection is a minor and unmarried, the father, mother or another adult responsible for them whether by law or by the practice of the Member State where the beneficiary is present.
Family reunification: Recital 9 and Art. 4 of Council Directive 2003/86/EC (Family Reunification Directive)
Free movement Art. 2(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC (Free Movement Directive)
- BG: страна на връщане
- CZ: země návratu
- DE: Rückkehrland
- EE: vastuvõttev riik
- EN: country of return
- ES: país de retorno
- FI: paluumaa
- FR: pays de retour
- GA: tír fillte
- GR: χώρα επιστροφής
- HU: visszatérési ország
- IT: paese di ritorno
- LT: šalis, į kurią grįžta
- LV: atgriešanas valsts (EU acquis) / izraidīšanas valsts (national)
- MT: Pajjiż fejn wieħed jirritorna / fejn w. imur lura
- NL: terugkeerland
- NO: returland
- PL: kraj powrotu
- PT: país de retorno
- RO: ţara de returnare
- SE: återvändandeland
- SK: krajina návratu
- SL: država povratka / vrnitve
In the EU context, a third country to which a third-country national returns.
2. In most cases, it is the country of origin to which a return is made, but this definition is used here in order to indicate other (possible) destinations, e.g. country of transit or another third country.
- BG: достъп до здравни гриижи
- CZ: přístup ke zdravotní péči
- DE: Zugang zu medizinischer Versorgung
- EE: ligipääs tervishoiule
- EN: access to healthcare
- ES: acceso a la asistencia sanitaria
- FI: oikeus terveydenhuoltoon
- FR: accès aux soins de santé
- GA: Rochtain ar Chúram Sláinte
- GR: πρόσβαση στην υγειονομική περίθαλψη
- HU: a migránsok társadalombiztosítási és egészségügyi ellátásokhoz való hozzáférése
- IT: accesso all’assistenza sanitaria
- LT: sveikatos priežiūros prieinamumas
- LV: piekļuve veselības aprūpei
- MT: Aċċess għas-servizzi tas-saħħa/ għall-kura sanitarja
- NL: toegang tot gezondheidszorg
- NO: tilgang til helsetjenester (b) / tilgang til helsetenester (n)
- PL: dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej
- RO: acces la ingrijirea sanatatii / acces la sistemul medical
- SE: tillgång till hälso- och sjukvård
- SK: prístup k zdravotnej starostlivosti
- SL: dostop do zdravstvenega varstva
Healthcare entitlements enjoyed by third-country nationals (migrants, applicants for international protection and refugees) in EU Member States and in their countries of origin.
2. According to Council Directive 2003/109/EC (Long Term Residents Directive), long-term residents enjoy the same access to healthcare as nationals as defined by national law.
3. Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) grants access to adequate healthcare, including treatment of mental disorders when needed, to beneficiaries of international protection under the same eligibility conditions as nationals of the EU Member State that has granted such protection.
4.Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Reception Conditions Directive) establishes minimum standards for access to healthcare for applicants of international protection during the asylum procedure. It requires EU Member States to ensure that asylum seekers at least receive emergency care and essential treatment for illnesses and serious mental disorders. However, the entitlement of asylum seekers to healthcare services depends on national legislation and varies among Member States. See for example, the EMN: Ad-Hoc Query on System of medical treatment of asylum seekers in Member States.
5. Access to healthcare can be a key factor in the process of decision-making on applications for international protection. Subsidiary protection may apply if the asylum-seeker contends that a return to the country of origin is impossible for health reasons, as the return of a sick person which is often connected with the medical standards in the country of return could constitute a breach of Art. 3 ECHR. Thus case workers have to take into account whether medical treatment is available in the country of origin and whether the available medical treatment would also be (e.g. financially) accessible to the concerned person upon return. For further information see the description of the MedCOI project in the List of projects funded by the European Refugee Fund in 2011.
- BG: отблъскващ фактор
- CZ: push faktor
- DE: Push-Faktor
- EE: tõukefaktor
- EN: push factor
- ES: factor de expulsión
- FI: työntötekijä
- FR: facteur de répulsion
- GA: toisc bhrú
- GR: αιτία / παράγοντας απώθησης
- HU: taszító tényező / push faktor
- IT: fattore di spinta
- LT: stūmimo veiksnys
- LV: atgrūšanas faktors
- MT: Fattur ta’ ripulsjoni / ta’ tbarrija
- NL: push factor
- NO: skyvfaktor (b) / skuvfaktor (n)
- PL: czynik wypychający
- PT: factor de afastamento / push factor
- RO: „push factor”
- SE: push-faktor
- SK: nútiaci faktor / „push“ faktor
- SL: dejavnik spodbujanja
The condition(s) or circumstance(s) in a country of origin that impel or stimulate emigration.
As recognised by the project European Reintegration Networking, this can be for a specific or a variety of reasons, e.g. declining economic opportunities or political instability may stimulate emigration.
- BG: доброволно връщане
- CZ: dobrovolný návrat
- DE: freiwillige Rückkehr
- EE: vabatahtlik (riigist) lahkumine
- EN: voluntary return
- ES: retorno voluntario
- FI: vapaaehtoinen paluu
- FR: retour volontaire
- GA: filleadh deonach
- GR: εθελούσια επιστροφή
- HU: önkéntes hazatérés
- IT: ritorno volontario
- LT: savanoriškas grįžimas
- LV: brīvprātīga atgriešanās
- MT: Ritorn volontarju
- NL: vrijwillige terugkeer
- NO: frivillig retur (b) / friviljug retur (n)
- PL: dobrowolny powrót
- PT: retorno voluntário
- RO: returnare voluntară
- SE: frivilligt återvändande
- SK: dobrovoľný návrat
- SL: prostovoljna vrnitev
The assisted or independent return to the country of origin, transit or third country, based on the free will of the returnee.
2. The types of persons returning without the assistance of the State include those who:
a) would be under no (legal) obligation to do so. As stated in the definition, it is entirely their decision as to whether they return or not;
b) are irregularly resident and have not (yet) been apprehended/detected (e.g. overstayers), but who decide to return anyway;
c) have applied to stay (e.g. asylum seeker, person applying for international protection) and whose application has not yet been finalised, but decide to return anyway.
3. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) prefers the term ‘voluntary repatriation’.
- BG: no translation
- CZ: uprchlík prima facie
- DE: Prima-Facie Flüchtling
- EE: prima facie pagulane
- EN: prima facie refugee
- ES: refugiado (prima facie)
- FI: prima facie -pakolainen
- FR: réfugié prima facie
- GA: dídeanaí prima facie
- GR: εκ πρώτης όψεως πρόσφυγας
- HU: prima facie elismert menekült
- IT: rifugiato prima facie
- LT: prima facie pabėgėlis
- LV: prima facie bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) prima facie
- NL: prima facie vluchteling
- NO: prima facie-flyktning
- PL: uchodźca prima facie
- PT: refugiados prima facie
- RO: refugiat prima facie
- SE: prima facie-flykting
- SK: utečenec prima facie
- SL: prima facie begunec
Person recognised as a refugee, by a State or the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), on the basis of objective criteria related to the circumstances in their country of origin, which justify a presumption that they meet the criteria of the applicable refugee definition.
This term refers to a more theoretical concept and is often not applied.
- BG: привличане на мозъци
- CZ: příliv mozků
- DE: Brain Gain
- EE: oskustööjõu sissevool
- EN: brain gain
- ES: captación de cerebros
- FI: aivotuonti
- FR: afflux de cerveaux
- GA: inimirce daoine oilte
- GR: κέρδος εγκεφάλων (είναι μεταφορικό)
- HU: there is no widely accepted term, several can be used: agyvisszaszívás / tudásnyerés / brain gain
- IT: acquisizione di cervelli
- LT: protų pritraukimas
- LV: kvalificēta darbaspēka pieplūdums
- MT: Akkwist / Ksib ta’ mħuħ // ta’ nies bi kwalifiki għoljin
- NL: brain gain
- NO: kunnskapsgevinst
- PL: dažniausiai vartojamo išversto termino nėra
- PT: brain gain
- RO: atragerea creierelor / „brain gain”
- SE: dažniausiai vartojamo išversto termino nėra
- SK: získavanie mozgov
- SL: „pridobitev možganov“
The benefit to a country as a result of the immigration of a highly qualified person.
This can apply to, for example, an EU Member State receiving a highly qualified migrant, as well as a third-country national returning to their country of origin.
- BG: движение на мозъци
- CZ: brain circulation
- DE: Brain Circulation
- EE: oskustööjõu ringlus
- EN: brain circulation
- ES: circulación de cerebros
- FI: aivokierto
- FR: circulation des cerveaux
- GA: cúrsaíocht daoine oilte
- GR: κυκλοφορία εγκεφάλων (είναι μεταφορικό)
- HU: there is no widely accepted term: „agykörforgás” is used in some documents
- IT: circolazione di cervelli
- LT: protų apykaita
- LV: kvalificēta darbaspēka aprite
- MT: Ċirkolazzjoni ta’ mħuħ / ta’ nies bi kwalifiki għoljin
- NL: mobiliteit van hoogopgeleide personen (syn.: brain circulation)
- NO: kunnskapsmobilitet / kunnskapssirkulasjon
- PL: cyrkulacja mózgów
- PT: circulação de cérebros
- RO: circulaţia creierelor
- SE: kunskapsspridning
- SK: cirkulácia mozgov
- SL: „kroženje možganov“
The possibility for developing countries to draw on the skills, know-how and other forms of experience gained by their migrants - whether they have returned to their country of origin or not - and members of their diaspora.
- BG: принудително връщане
- CZ: nucený návrat
- DE: zwangsweise Rückführung / Zwangsrückführung / erzwungene Rückkehr
- EE: sunnitud tagasipöördumine
- EN: compulsory return
- ES: retorno forzoso
- FI: pakkopalautus / pakkoon perustuva paluu
- FR: obligation de retour
- GA: filleadh éigeantach
- GR: αναγκαστική επιστροφή
- HU: kötelező visszatérés
- IT: ritorno obbligato
- LT: priverstinis grąžinimas
- LV: piespiedu atgriešana (EU acquis) / piespiedu izraidīšana (national)
- MT: Ritorn obbligatorju // Ripatrijazzjoni obbligatorja
- NL: gedwongen terugkeer
- NO: tvangsretur
- PL: przymusowy powrót
- RO: returnare (fortata)/returnare sub escortă
- SE: tvångsmässigt återvändande
- SK: nútený návrat
- SL: obvezno vračanje
In the EU context, the process of going back – whether in voluntary or enforced compliance with an obligation to return– to:
- one's country of origin; or
- a country of transit in accordance with EU or bilateral readmission agreements or other arrangements; or
- another third country, to which the third-country national concerned voluntarily decides to return and in which they will be accepted.
2. Outside of EU legislation the term ‘forced return’ is more commonly used and understood as a synonym with ‘compulsory return’ – i.e. return which occurs in compliance with a return decision.
- BG: страна на гражданство
- CZ: země státní příslušnosti
- DE: Land der Staatsangehörigkeit / Staatsbürgerschaft
- EE: kodakondsusjärgne riik
- EN: country of nationality
- ES: país de nacionalidad
- FI: kansalaisuusvaltio
- FR: pays de nationalité
- GA: tír náisiúntachta
- GR: Χώρα της ιθαγένειας
- HU: állampolgárság szerinti ország
- IT: paese di cittadinanza
- LT: pilietybės šalis
- LV: pilsonības valsts
- MT: Pajjiż tan-nazzjonalità
- NL: land waarvan iemand onderdaan is (syn.: land waarvan iemand het staatsburgerschap heeft)
- NO: statsborgerskapsland (b) / statsborgarskapsland (n)
- PL: państwo, którego obywatelem jest cudzoziemiec
- PT: país de nacionalidade
- RO: ţara de cetăţenie
- SE: medborgarskapsland
- SK: krajina štátneho občianstva / krajina štátnej príslušnosti
- SL: država katere oseba je državljan
The country (or countries) of which a person holds citizenship.
2. In some EU Member States, this term is used in the context of return.
Developed by EMN
- BG: парични трансфери на емигранти
- CZ: remitence
- DE: Rücküberweisung
- EE: rahaülekanded
- EN: remittance
- ES: remesas
- FI: rahalähetys
- FR: envois de fonds
- GA: seoltán
- GR: εμβάσματα
- HU: hazautalás
- IT: rimessa
- LT: perlaida
- LV: naudas pārvedumi
- MT: Trasferimenti / Bgħit ta’ flus (minn migranti lejn benefiċjarji f’pajjiżhom)
- NL: geldovermakingen (syn. geldoverdrachten)
- NO: pengeoverføringer (b) / pengeoverføringar (n)
- PL: przekazy pienieżne / transfery pieniężne
- PT: remessas
- RO: remitenţă
- SE: överföring
- SK: remitencie
- SL: nakazilo
In the EU context, a financial transfer from a migrant to a beneficiary(ies) in the migrant’s country of origin.
- BG: лице, което отговаря на условията за субсидиарна закрила
- CZ: osoba, která má nárok na doplňkovou ochranu
- DE: Person mit Anspruch auf subsidiären Schutz
- EE: täiendava kaitse saamise nõuetele vastav isik
- EN: person eligible for subsidiary protection
- ES: persona con derecho a protección subsidiaria
- FI: henkilö, joka voi saada toissijaista suojelua
- FR: personne pouvant bénéficier de la protection subsidiaire
- GA: duine atá i dteideal cosaint choimhdeach
- GR: άτομο επιλέξιμο για επικουρική προστασία
- HU: kiegészítő védelemben részesített személy / oltalmazott
- IT: persona avente titolo a beneficiare della protezione sussidiaria
- LT: papildomą apsaugą galintis gauti asmuo
- LV: persona, kura tiesīga uz alternatīvo statusu
- MT: Persuna eliġibbli għal protezzjoni sussidjarja
- NL: persoon die voor subsidiaire bescherming in aanmerking komt
- NO: person som har krav på subsidiær beskyttelse (b) / person som har krav på subsidiært vern (n)
- PL: osoba kwalifikująca się do ochrony uzupełniającej
- PT: pessoa elegível para protecção subsidiária
- RO: persoană eligibilă pentru protecţie subsidiară
- SE: person som uppfyller kraven för att betecknas som subsidiärt skyddsbehövande
- SK: osoba oprávnená na doplnkovú ochranu
- SL: oseba upravičena do subsidiarne zaščite
A third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to their country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person, to their country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Art. 15 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) and to whom Art. 17(1) and (2) of said Directive do not apply, and is unable, or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
- BG: субсидиарна закрила
- CZ: doplňková ochrana
- DE: subsidiärer Schutz
- EE: täiendav kaitse
- EN: subsidiary protection
- ES: protección subsidiaria
- FI: toissijainen suojelu
- FR: protection subsidiaire
- GA: cosaint choimhdeach
- GR: επικουρική προστασία
- HU: kiegészítő védelem
- IT: protezione sussidiaria
- LT: papildoma apsauga
- LV: alternatīvā aizsardzība
- MT: Protezzjoni sussidjarja
- NL: subsidiaire bescherming
- NO: subsidiær beskyttelse (b) / subsidiært vern (n)
- PL: ochrona (uzupełniająca)
- PT: ochrona (uzupełniająca)
- RO: protecţie subsidiară
- SE: subsidiärt skydd
- SK: doplnková ochrana
- SL: subsidiarna zaščita
The protection given to a third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to their country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person to their country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Art. 15 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive), and to whom Art. 17(1) and (2) of this Directive do not apply, and is unable or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
This term is not used in UK (see ‘humanitarian protection’).
- BG: бежанец на място / бежанец sur place
- CZ: uprchlík na místě; uprchlík „sur place“
- DE: Flüchtling sur place
- EE: sur place pagulane
- EN: refugee sur place
- ES: refugiado sobrevenido
- FI: sur place -pakolainen
- FR: réfugié sur place
- GA: dídeanaí sur place
- GR: επί τόπου
- HU: sur place menekült
- IT: rifugiato sur place
- LT: pabėgėlis sur place
- LV: bēglis sur place
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) sur place
- NL: vluchteling „sur place” (NL syn. réfugié sur place)
- NO: sur place-flyktning
- PL: uchodźca sur place / uchodźca na miejscu
- PT: refugiados sur place
- RO: refugiat sur place
- SE: flykting ”sur place”
- SK: utečenec sur place / utečenec „na mieste“
- SL: begunec sur place
In the EU context, a person granted refugee status based on international protection needs which arose sur place, i.e. on account of events which took place after they left their country of origin.
Refugees sur place may owe their fear of persecution to a coup d’état in their home country, or to the introduction or intensification of repressive or persecutory policies after their departure. A claim in this category may also be based on bona fide political activities, undertaken in the country of residence or refuge.
- BG: незаконно влизане
- CZ: neoprávněný vstup na území
- DE: irreguläre Einreise
- EE: ebaseaduslik (riiki) sisenemine
- EN: irregular entry
- ES: entrada irregular
- FI: laiton maahantulo
- FR: entrée irrégulière
- GA: iontráil aimhrialta
- GR: παράνομη είσοδος
- HU: szabálytalan határátlépés
- IT: ingresso irregolare
- LT: neteisėtas atvykimas
- LV: nelikumīga ieceļošana
- MT: Dħul irregolari
- NL: illegale binnenkomst
- NO: irregulær innreise
- PL: nieregularny wjazd
- PT: entrada irregular
- SE: olaglig inresa
- SK: nelegálny vstup / neoprávnený vstup
- SL: ilegalen vstop / nedovoljen vstop
In the Schengen context, the entry of a third-country national into a Schengen Member State who does not satisfy Art. 5 of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code).
2. Art. 5 of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code) states that for stays not exceeding three months per six-month period, the entry conditions for third-country nationals shall be the following:
a) they are in possession of a valid travel document or documents authorising them to cross the border;
b) they are in possession of a valid visa, if required pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (17), except where they hold a valid residence permit;
c) they justify the purpose and conditions of the intended stay, and they have sufficient means of subsistence, both for the duration of the intended stay and for the return to their country of origin or transit to a third country into which they are certain to be admitted, or are in a position to acquire such means lawfully;
d) they are not persons for whom an alert has been issued in the SIS for the purposes of refusing entry;
e) they are not considered to be a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or the international relations of any of the EU Member States, in particular where no alert has been issued in EU Member States' national data bases for the purposes of refusing entry on the same grounds.
3. For more information, see Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code).
- BG: no translation
- CZ: cizinec, kterému brání ve vycestování překážka na jeho vůli nezávislá
- DE: gestrandeter Migrant (term is not used in AT,DE, LU)
- EE: juhusisserändaja (no usual translation)
- EN: stranded migrant
- ES: migrante desamparado
- FI: maahan jäämään joutunut siirtolainen / no usual translation
- FR: migrant en détresse
- GA: imirceach sáinnithe
- HU: megfeneklett migránsok
- IT: migrante bloccato
- LT: migrantas, atsidūręs sunkioje padėtyje
- LV: grūtā stāvoklī nonācis migrants
- MT: Migrant(a) imwaħħal (imwaħħla) fil-post
- NL: gestrande migrant
- NO: migrant med påtvunget opphold (b) / migrant med påtvinga opphald (n)
- PL: migrant przymusowy
- RO: migrant forţat să rămână pe teritoriu
- SE: strandad migrant
- SK: uviaznutý migrant
- SL: ujeti migrant / nasedli migrant
A migrant who for reasons beyond their control has been unintentionally forced to stay in a country.
According to UNESCO, migrants may become stranded due to circumstances in the country of origin, a position of prolonged detention or practical difficulties. Stranded migrants may be individuals whose claim for refugee status has been rejected.
3. For further information, see UNESCO’s People on the Move Handbook.
- BG: временна закрила
- CZ: dočasná ochrana
- DE: vorübergehender Schutz
- EE: ajutine kaitse
- EN: temporary protection
- ES: protección temporal
- FI: tilapäinen suojelu
- FR: protection temporaire
- GA: cosaint shealadach
- GR: προσωρινή προστασία
- HU: ideiglenes védelem
- IT: protezione temporanea
- LT: laikinoji apsauga
- LV: pagaidu aizsardzība
- MT: Protezzjoni temporanja
- NL: tijdelijke bescherming
- NO: midlertidig beskyttelse (b) / mellombels vern (n)
- PL: tymczasowa ochrona
- PT: protecção temporária
- RO: protecţie temporară
- SE: tillfälligt skydd
- SK: dočasná ochrana (EU acquis) / dočasné útočisko (national law)
- SL: začasna zaščita
A procedure of exceptional character to provide, in the event of a mass influx or imminent mass influx of displaced persons from third countries who are unable to return to their country of origin, immediate and temporary protection to such persons, in particular if there is also a risk that the asylum system will be unable to process this influx without adverse effects for its efficient operation, in the interests of the persons and other persons requesting protection.
In LV, temporary protection is granted for a specified period of time if the applicant needs protection because they have been forced to leave their country of citizenship or, if the persons are stateless persons, their country of former residence due to ethnic conflict or civil war.
- BG: временна миграция
- CZ: dočasná migrace
- DE: temporäre Migration
- EE: ajutine sisseränne
- EN: temporary migration
- ES: migración temporal
- FI: tilapäinen maahanmuutto
- FR: migration temporaire
- GA: imirce shealadach
- GR: προσωρινή μετανάστευση
- HU: ideiglenes migráció
- IT: migrazione temporanea
- LT: laikina migracija
- LV: īslaicīga migrācija
- MT: Migrazzjoni temporanja
- NL: tijdelijke migratie
- NO: midlertidig migrasjon (b) / mellombels migrasjon (n)
- PL: migracja tymczasowa
- PT: migração Temporária
- RO: migraţie temporară
- SE: tillfällig migration
- SK: dočasná migrácia
- SL: začasna migracija
Migration for a specific motivation and / or purpose with the intention that afterwards there will be a return to the country of origin or onward movement.
With regard to the development of EU policy, this may be seen in the context of inter alia circular migration and / or seasonal workers.
- BG: страна на произход
- CZ: země původu
- DE: Herkunftsland, Herkunftsstaat
- EE: päritoluriik
- EN: country of origin
- ES: país de origen
- FI: alkuperämaa / lähtömaa
- FR: pays d’origine
- GA: tír thionscnaimh
- GR: χώρα προέλευσης
- HU: származási ország
- IT: paese di origine
- LT: kilmės šalis
- LV: izcelsmes valsts
- MT: Pajjiż tal-oriġini
- NL: land van herkomst
- NO: opprinnelseslandd (b) / opphavsland (n)
- PL: kraj pochodzenia
- PT: país de origem
- RO: ţara de origine
- SE: ursprungsland
- SK: krajina pôvodu
- SL: izvorna država
The country of nationality or, for stateless persons, of former habitual residence.
A person may have more than one country of origin.
- BG: no usual translation
- CZ: exodus
- DE: Exodus
- EE: massiline väljaränne
- EN: exodus
- ES: éxodo
- FI: joukkopako
- FR: fuite massive
- GA: imeacht
- GR: έξοδος
- HU: kivándorlás
- IT: esodo
- LT: išvykimas
- LV: masveida izceļošana
- MT: Eżodu
- NL: uittocht (syn.: exodus)
- NO: masseutvandring / masseflukt
- PL: exodus
- PT: exôdo
- RO: exod
- SE: massflykt
- SK: exodus / hromadný odchod
- SL: eksodus / množična emigracija
Movements in groups (isolated and sporadic) out of a country of origin in large numbers or of a section of the community at a given time.
A similar definition is also used in the UNHCR International Thesaurus of Refugee Terminology definition.
- BG: временно отлагане на извеждането
- CZ: odklad vyhoštění
- DE: einstweilige Aussetzung der Abschiebung (EU acquis) / vorübergehende Aussetzung der Abschiebung / Duldung (AT, DE) Aufschub der Abschiebung (LU)
- EE: väljasaatmise edasilükkamine
- EN: postponement of removal
- ES: aplazamiento de la expulsión
- FI: maastapoistamisen lykkääminen
- FR: report de l’éloignement
- GA: an t-aistriú a chur siar
- GR: αναβολή της απομάκρυνσης
- HU: befogadottkénti tartózkodás
- LT: išsiuntimo atidėjimas
- LV: izraidīšanas atlikšana
- NL: uitstel van verwijdering
- NO: utsatt uttransportering (b) / utsett uttransportering (n)
- PL: wstrzymanie wydalenia
- PT: adiamento do afastamento
- RO: amânarea îndepărtării
- SE: uppskov med avlägsnande
- SK: odklad odsunu (EU acquis) / tolerovaný pobyt (national law)
- SL: dovolitev zadrževanja / odložitev vračanja
(Temporary) suspension of removal of a third-country national who has received a return decision but whose removal is not possible either for humanitarian reasons (as their removal would violate the principle of non-refoulement or due to the third-country national’s physical state or mental capacity) or for technical reasons (such as lack of transport capacity or failure of the removal due to lack of identification or the country of origin’s refusal to accept the person) and for as long as a suspensory effect is granted in accordance with Art. 13(2) of Council Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
2. In several EU Member States, the term ‘tolerated stay’ is not formally used anymore and has been replaced by ‘postponment of removal’ after the transposition of Council Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
3. For more information, see EMN: Alternatives to Detention, 2014.
- BG: върнат
- CZ: navracený cizinec
- DE: Rückkehrer
- EE: tagasipöörduja
- EN: returnee
- ES: extranjero retornado
- FI: paluumuuttaja / palaaja, (pakko)palautettava
- FR: rapatrié
- GA: imirceach fillteach
- GR: επαναπατριζόμενος
- HU: hazatérő / visszatérő
- IT: persona che compie ritorno
- LT: grąžinamasis / grįžtantysis
- LV: izraidāmais
- MT: Migrant(a) ritornat(a)
- NL: terugkeerder
- NO: den personen som vender hjem (b) / den personen som vender heim (n)
- PL: osoba powracająca
- PT: retornado
- RO: returnat
- SE: återvändare
- SK: navrátilec
- SL: oseba, ki je predmet vračanja
A person going from a host country back to a country of origin, country of nationality or habitual residence usually after spending a significant period of time in the host country whether voluntary or forced, assisted or spontaneous.
The definition covers all categories of migrants (persons who have resided legally in a country as well as failed asylum seekers) and different ways the return is implemented (e.g. voluntary, forced, assisted and spontaneous). It does not cover stays shorter than three months (such as holiday visits or business meetings and other visits typically considered to be for a period of time of less than three months).
- BG: тежки посегателства
- CZ: vážná újma
- DE: ernsthafter Schaden
- EE: tõsine oht / kahju
- EN: serious harm
- ES: daños graves
- FI: vakava haitta
- FR: atteinte grave
- GA: díobháil thromchúiseach
- HU: súlyos veszély
- IT: danno grave
- LT: didelė žala
- LV: smags kaitējums
- MT: Dannu(-i) serju(-i)
- NL: ernstige schade
- NO: alvorlig skade (b) / alvorleg skade (n)
- PL: poważna krzywda
- PT: ofensas graves
- RO: vătămare gravă
- SE: allvarlig skada
- SK: vážne bezprávie
- SL: resna škoda
- BG: no translation
- CZ: nezletilý bez doprovodu
- DE: alleinstehendes Kind
- EE: vanematest eraldatud laps
- EN: separated child
- ES: menor separado
- FI: huoltajasta erilleen joutunut lapsi
- FR: enfant séparé
- GA: páiste dealaithe
- GR: παιδί (αποχωρισμένο από την οικογένεια)
- HU: kísérő nélküli kiskorú
- IT: minore separato
- LT: atskirtas nuo tėvų vaikas
- LV: bez vecāku vai aizbildņu gādības palicis bērns
- MT: Tifel /Tifla mifrud(a) // separat(a)
- NL: alleenstaand kind
- NO: enslig barn (b) / einsleg barn (n)
- PL: małoletni bez opieki
- PT: criança separada
- RO: minor neînsoţit / separat
- SE: separerade barn
- SK: odlúčené dieťa
- SL: otrok brez spremstva
A child under 18 years of age who is outside their country of origin and separated from both parents or their previous legal / customary primary caregiver.
A child may be totally alone while another may be living with extended family members. All such children are separated children and entitled to international protection under a broad range of international and regional instruments.
- BG: групово преследване
- CZ: vertimo nėra
- DE: Gruppenverfolgung
- EE: grupi tagakiusamine
- EN: group persecution
- ES: vertimo nėra
- FI: ryhmään kohdistuva vaino
- FR: persécution à l’encontre d’un groupe
- GA: géarleanúint grúpa
- GR: Δίωξη (ομάδα)
- HU: vertimo nėra
- IT: persecuzione di gruppo
- LT: asmenų grupės persekiojimas
- LV: grupas vajāšana
- MT: Persekuzzjoni ta’ grupp(-i) ta’ nies
- NL: groepsvervolging
- NO: forfølgelse av en gruppes medlemmer (b) / forfølging av medlemmene av ei gruppe (n)
- PL: grupowe prześladowanie
- PT: grupo alvo de perseguição
- RO: persecuţie de grup
- SE: förföljelse av en grupp
- SK: prenasledovanie skupiny
- SL: skupinsko preganjanje
A concept
2. With consideration to the general principle of subsidiarity in refugee law, group persecution will only entitle a refugee to protection abroad, if the danger is present in the entire territory of the country of origin, i.e. if there is no internal alternative for protection. For the purposes of the danger of persecution after return, such an internal flight alternative must be reasonable and accessible from the country of refuge.
3. For more information on group persecution, see the European Database of Asylum Law (EDAL) , i.e. German Federal Administrative Court, ruling of 12 April 2009 – 10 C 11.08.
- BG: циркулярна миграция
- CZ: cirkulační / cirkulární migrace
- DE: zirkuläre Migration
- EE: korduvränne
- EN: circular migration
- ES: migración circular
- FI: kiertomuutto
- FR: migration circulaire
- GA: imirce chiorclach
- GR: κυκλική μετανάστευση
- HU: körkörös migráció
- IT: migrazione circolare
- LT: apykaitinė migracija
- LV: cirkulārā migrācija
- MT: Migrazzjoni ċirkolari
- NL: circulaire migratie
- NO: sirkulær migrasjon
- PL: migracja cyrkulacyjna
- PT: migração circular
- RO: migraţie circulară
- SE: cirkulär migration
- SK: okružná migrácia / cirkulárna migrácia
- SL: krožna migracija
A repetition of legal migration by the same person between two or more countries.
(a) Circular migration of third-country nationals settled in the EU
This category of circular migration gives people the opportunity to engage in an activity (business, professional, voluntary or other) in their country of origin while retaining their main residence in one of the EU Member States. This covers various groups, e.g.:
- business persons working in the EU and wishing to start an activity in their country of origin (or in another third country); and
- doctors, professors or other professionals willing to support their country of origin by conducting part of their professional activity there.
(b) Circular migration of persons residing in a third country
Circular migration could create an opportunity for persons residing in a third country to come to the EU temporarily for work, study, training or a combination of these, on the condition that, at the end of the period for which they were granted entry, they must re-establish their main residence and their main activity in their country of origin. Circularity can be enhanced by giving migrants the possibility, once they have returned, to retain some form of privileged mobility to and from the EU Member States where they were formerly residing, for example in the form of simplified admission / re-entry procedures. This category covers a wide array of situations, spanning the whole spectrum of migrants, including:
- third-country nationals wishing to work temporarily in the EU, e.g. in seasonal employment;
- third-country nationals wishing to study or train in Europe before returning to their country;
- third-country nationals who, after having completed their studies, wish to be employed in the EU (e.g. as trainees) to acquire professional experience which is difficult to obtain at home, before returning;
- third-country researchers wishing to carry out a research project in the EU;
- third-country nationals who wish to take part in intercultural people-to-people exchanges and other activities in the field of culture, active citizenship, education and youth (such as, for example, training courses, seminars, events, study visits);
- third-country nationals who wish to carry out an unremunerated voluntary service pursuing objectives of general interest in the EU.
- BG: лице, което отговаря на условията за субсидиарна закрила
- CZ: osoba, která má nárok na doplňkovou ochranu
- DE: Person mit Anspruch auf subsidiären Schutz
- EE: täiendava kaitse saamise nõuetele vastav isik
- EN: person eligible for subsidiary protection
- ES: persona con derecho a protección subsidiaria
- FI: henkilö, joka voi saada toissijaista suojelua
- FR: personne pouvant bénéficier de la protection subsidiaire
- GA: duine atá i dteideal cosaint choimhdeach
- GR: άτομο επιλέξιμο για επικουρική προστασία
- HU: kiegészítő védelemben részesített személy / oltalmazott
- IT: persona avente titolo a beneficiare della protezione sussidiaria
- LT: papildomą apsaugą galintis gauti asmuo
- LV: persona, kura tiesīga uz alternatīvo statusu
- MT: Persuna eliġibbli għal protezzjoni sussidjarja
- NL: persoon die voor subsidiaire bescherming in aanmerking komt
- NO: person som har krav på subsidiær beskyttelse (b) / person som har krav på subsidiært vern (n)
- PL: osoba kwalifikująca się do ochrony uzupełniającej
- PT: pessoa elegível para protecção subsidiária
- RO: persoană eligibilă pentru protecţie subsidiară
- SE: person som uppfyller kraven för att betecknas som subsidiärt skyddsbehövande
- SK: osoba oprávnená na doplnkovú ochranu
- SL: oseba upravičena do subsidiarne zaščite
A third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to their country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person, to their country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Art. 15 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) and to whom Art. 17(1) and (2) of said Directive do not apply, and is unable, or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
- BG: транзит
- CZ: tranzit
- DE: Durchreise / Transit
- EE: läbisõit / transiit
- EN: transit
- ES: tránsito
- FI: kauttakulku
- FR: transit
- GA: idirthuras
- GR: διέλευση
- HU: tranzit
- IT: transito
- LT: tranzitas
- LV: tranzīts
- MT: Transitu
- NL: transit (NL syn.: doorreis)
- NO: transitt
- PL: tranzyt
- PT: trânsito
- RO: tranzit
- SE: transit
- SK: tranzit
- SL: tranzit
In the context of a visas, passage through (a) EU Member State(s) of a third-country national travelling from one third country to another third country.
Context of a visa: Derived by EMN from definition for ‘transit visa’ in Common Consular Instructions on visas (2005/C 326/01)
- BG: репатриране
- CZ: repatriace
- DE: Repatriierung
- EE: tagasipöördumine (repatrieerumine)
- EN: repatriation
- ES: repatriación
- FI: paluu, palauttaminen
- FR: rapatriement
- GA: aisdúichiú
- GR: επαναπατρισμός
- HU: hazatelepítés
- IT: rimpatrio
- LT: repatriacija
- LV: repatriācija
- MT: Ripatrijazzjoni
- NL: repatriëring (NL syn.: naar het vaderland terugkeren / naar het vaderland terugbrengen)
- NO: repatriering
- PL: repatriacja
- PT: repatriamento
- RO: repatriere
- SE: återvandring
- SK: repatriácia
- SL: repatriacija
The personal right of a refugee or a prisoner of war to return to their country of nationality under specific conditions laid down in various international instruments and human rights instruments as well as in customary international law.
2. The option of repatriation is bestowed upon the individual personally and not upon the detaining power. In the law of international armed conflict, repatriation also entails the obligation of the detaining power to release eligible persons (soldiers and civilians) and the duty of the country of origin to receive its own nationals at the end of hostilities. Even if treaty law does not contain a general rule on this point, it is today readily accepted that the repatriation of prisoners of war and civil detainees has been consented to implicitly by the interested parties. Repatriation as a term also applies to diplomatic envoys and international officials in times of international crisis as well as expatriates and migrants.
3. Depending on the EU Member State, this term has different meanings / connotations: in PL, RO, NL, NO this refers specifically to repatriating their nationals back to PL, RO, NL, NO respectively. In ES, IE, IT, UK, it is often used in the context of returning third-country nationals to their country of origin. In EE, the term refers specifically to persons of Estonia or ethnic Estonians’ resettlement to Estonia. In LV, the term refers specifically to the persons of Latvian or Liiv origin to resettle with permanent residence in Latvia. In PT, the term has no legal concept, being used more as a sociological term. It is commonly used to refer to Portuguese citizens that return to Portugal, including being forced to return.
4. The term should not be confused with ‘voluntary repatriation’ which is according to the UNHCR International Thesaurus of Refugee Terminology defined as follows: ‘Return to the country of origin on the basis of the freely expressed willingness of the refugees’. The returns have to take place in conditions of safety, dignity and security. The principle of ‘voluntariness’ must be viewed in relation to both: conditions in the country of origin (calling for an informed decision) and the situation in the country of asylum (permitting a free choice). For more information, see UNHCR: Voluntary Repatriation: International Protection – handbook, 1996.
- BG: сигурна страна на произход
- CZ: bezpečná země původu
- DE: sicherer Herkunftsstaat
- EE: turvaline päritoluriik (kolmas riik)
- EN: safe country of origin
- ES: país de origen seguro
- FI: turvallinen alkuperämaa
- FR: pays d’origine sûr
- GA: tír thionscnaimh atá sábháilte
- GR: ασφαλής χώρα προέλευσης
- HU: biztonságos származási ország
- IT: paese di origine sicuro
- LT: saugi kilmės šalis
- LV: droša izcelsmes valsts
- MT: Pajjiż tal-oriġini sigur / bla perikli
- NL: veilig land van herkomst
- NO: trygt hjemland (b) / trygt heimland (n)
- PL: bezpieczny kraj pochodzenia
- PT: país de origem seguro
- RO: ţara de origine sigură
- SE: säkert ursprungsland
- SK: bezpečná krajina pôvodu
- SL: varna izvorna država
A country where, on the basis of the legal situation, the application of the law within a democratic system and the general political circumstances, it can be shown that there is generally and consistently no persecution as defined in Art. 9 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive), no torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and no threat by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict.
2. According to the Protocol 29 of TFEU, EU Member States shall be regarded as constituting safe countries of origin in respect of each other for all legal and practical purposes in relation to asylum matters. Accordingly, any application for asylum made by a national of a Member State are normally not taken into consideration.
3. EU Member States shall regularly review the situation in third countries that are designated as safe countries of origin.
4. The assessment of whether a country is a safe country of origin shall be based on a range of sources of information, including in particular information from other EU Member States, European Asylum Support Office (EASO), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Council of Europe and other relevant international organisations.
5. According to Art. 36 of Directive 2013/32/EU (Recast Asylum Procedures Directive), the 'concept of safe country of origin' means that a third country is - after an individual examination of the application - considered as a safe country of origin for a particular applicant only if:
- they have the nationality of that country; or
- they are a stateless person and were formerly habitually resident in that country, and they have not submitted any serious grounds for considering the country not to be a safe country of origin in their particular circumstances and in terms of their qualification as a beneficiary of international protection in accordance with Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive).
- BG: хуманитарен статут
- CZ: humanitární ochrana
- DE: humanitärer Schutz
- EE: humanitaarkaitse
- EN: humanitarian protection
- ES: protección humanitaria
- FI: humanitaarinen suojelu
- FR: protection humanitaire
- GA: cosaint dhaonnúil
- GR: προστασία για ανθρωπιστικούς λόγους
- HU: humanitárius védelem
- IT: protezione umanitaria
- LT: humanitarinė (papildoma) apsauga
- LV: humānā aizsardzība
- MT: Protezzjoni umanitarja
- NL: bescherming op humanitaire gronden
- NO: beskyttelse på humanitært grunnlag (b) / vern på humanitært grunnlag (n)
- PL: ochrona o charakterze humanitarnym
- PT: protecção humanitária
- RO: protecţie umanitară
- SE: humanitärt skydd
- SK: humanitárna ochrana
- SL: humanitarna zaščita
A form of non-EU harmonised protection nowadays normally replaced by subsidiary protection, except in some EU Member States.
2. IE has also opted-into the Qualification Directive, and uses the term ‘leave to remain’.
3. In DE, FI and IT, humanitarian protection and subsidiary protection are different concepts. In DE and IT, humanitarian protection is the reception and residence of refugees under international law or on humanitarian or political (DE only) grounds, and in FI, humanitarian protection is granted to foreign nationals who cannot return to their country of origin or country of former habitual residence as a result of an environmental catastrophe or a bad security situation, which may be due to an international or internal armed conflict or a poor human rights situation.
4. In EE, LV, this term is not used.
5. AT and ES use a similar expression, namely ‘residence permit on humanitarian grounds’.
6. In BG, humanitarian protection encompasses subsidiary protection as well as protection granted for other humanitarian reasons (see Art. 9, SG No 52 of 2007).
7. In NO, a residence permit may be granted, even if the other conditions laid down in the Act are not satisfied, provided there are strong humanitarian considerations or the foreign national has a particular connection with the realm. To determine whether there are strong humanitarian considerations, an overall assessment shall be made of the case. Importance may be attached, inter alia, to whether the foreign national is an unaccompanied minor who would be without proper care if they were returned; the foreign national needs to stay in the realm due to compelling health circumstances; there are social or humanitarian circumstances relating to the return situation that give grounds for granting a residence permit; the foreign national has been a victim of human trafficking. (For further information, see Immigration Act of May 2008, Chaper 5, Section 38).
- BG: Евроазил
- CZ: Eurasil
- DE: Netzwerk für Asylpraktiker der Europäischen Union (Eurasil)
- EE: Eurasil
- EN: Eurasil
- ES: Eurasil
- FI: Eurasil
- FR: Eurasil
- GA: Eurasil
- GR: Ομάδα στο πλαίσιο της Ε.Επιτροπής για την ανταλλαγή πληροφοριών για τις χώρες καταγωγής αιτούντων άσυλο
- HU: Eurasil
- IT: Eurasil
- LT: Eurasil
- LV: Eurasil
- MT: Eurasil
- NL: Eurasil
- NO: Eurasil
- PL: Eurasil
- PT: Eurasil
- RO: Eurasil
- SE: Eurasil
- SK: Eurasil
- SL: Eurasil
A European Union Network for asylum practitioners providing a forum for the exchange of country of origin information, best practices and a variety of policy-related matters among EU Member States, asylum adjudicators and the European Commission, which aims to improve and maximise convergence on approaches to, and assessment of, the protection needs of asylum seekers.
2. EURASIL meetings were attended by representatives of the national ministries and asylum authorities of the EU Member States, as well as of CH, NO and IS. Depending on the topics of the meeting, international organisations such as United Nations High Commissior for Refugees (UNHCR) or International Organization for Migration (IOM) attended Eurasil as external experts.
3. With the establishment of the European Asylum Support Office (EASO) , EASO has taken over responsibility for Eurasil and further developed EURASIL activities (EASO Practical Cooperation).
- BG: иконимически мигрант
- CZ: ekonomický migrant
- DE: Migrant aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen / Wirtschaftsmigrant
- EE: majandusmigrant
- EN: economic migrant
- ES: persona migrante por motivos económicos
- FI: taloudellisten syiden vuoksi muuttava henkilö
- FR: migrant économique
- GA: imirceach eacnamaíoch
- GR: οικονομικός μετανάστης
- HU: gazdasági migráns
- IT: migrante economico
- LT: ekonominis migrantas
- LV: ekonomiskais migrants
- MT: Migrant(a) għal raġunijiet ekonomiċi
- NL: economische migrant
- NO: økonomisk migrant
- PL: migrant ekonomiczny
- PT: migrante económico
- RO: migrant economic
- SE: ekonomisk migrant
- SK: ekonomický migrant
- SL: ekonomski migrant
A person who leaves their country of origin purely for economic reasons that are not in any way related to the refugee definition, in order to seek material improvements in their livelihood.
2. Economic migrants are sometimes referred to as economic refugees, but this is a misuse of the term 'refugee'.
- BG: диаспора
- CZ: diaspora
- DE: Diaspora
- EE: diasporaa
- EN: diaspora
- ES: diáspora
- FI: diaspora
- FR: diaspora
- GA: diaspóra
- GR: διασπορά
- HU: diaszpóra
- IT: diaspora
- LT: diaspora
- LV: diaspora
- MT: Dijaspora
- NL: diaspora
- NO: diaspora
- PL: Diaspora
- PT: diáspora
- RO: diaspora
- SE: diaspora
- SK: diaspóra
- SL: diaspora
Individuals and members of networks, associations and communities, who have left their country of origin, but maintain links with their homelands.
2. It is a general term, with no legal definition, which can also cover EU Member State nationals (and immigrants) who feel strong connections to their origins.
- BG: vertimo nėra
- CZ: poživatel doplňkové ochrany
- DE: De-facto-Flüchtling
- EE: de facto pagulane
- EN: de facto refugee
- ES: refugiado de facto
- FI: tosiasiallinen pakolainen / de facto -pakolainen
- FR: réfugié de facto
- GA: dídeanaí de facto
- GR: de facto πρόσφυγας
- HU: de facto menekült
- IT: rifugiato de facto
- LT: de facto pabėgėlis
- LV: de facto bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) de facto
- NL: de facto vluchteling
- NO: de facto-flyktning
- PL: uchodźca de facto
- PT: refugiado de facto
- RO: refugiat de facto
- SE: de facto-flykting
- SK: utečenec de facto
- SL: de facto begunec
Person not recognised as a refugee (within the meaning of Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol) and who is unable or, for reasons recognised as valid, unwilling to return to their country of origin or country of nationality or, if they have no nationality, to the country of their habitual residence.
2. In DE, this refers to a person who has not applied for asylum or whose asylum application has been rejected, but whose removal has been suspended due to concrete danger of life, body or freedom. For example, a person’s stay will be tolerated in DE on grounds of humanitarian law.